Global Warming And Climate Change - 1215 Words

A guy once told my friend, â€Å"Dude, stop farting. You are making the global warming even worse!† From the view of his saying, it is apparent that people are aware of the fundamental cause of global warming — increase in carbon dioxide. From melting glaciers to rising sea level, Global Warming has been one of the vital issues that is challenging scientists. While many scientists and experts are investigating for a solution, this disastrous phenomenon has been aggravated over time by human activities. Global warming was first introduced when Svante Arrhenius, a Swedish scientist, claimed in 1896 that fossil fuel combustion may eventually result in enhanced global warming. Also, an American geologist, Thomas Chamberlin supported Arrehnius†¦show more content†¦When sun shines in, the heat will be trapped by the glass and it cannot escape. That is to say, inside of the greenhouse gets warmer and warmer. Now, the earth’s atmosphere is doing the same role of the greenhouse. The roof of a greenhouse can be described as gasses such as carbon dioxide, nitrous oxide, or methane (ClimateKids). The sun shines through the atmosphere during day time and the earth receives the heat, warming its surface. Then at night, the heat that earth received should be released but certain gasses on the atmosphere trap the heat, which makes the earth warmer and warmer. There are several culprits of global warming; they can be small or big. Whether they are minor or major, they are still contributing to global warming. One example of major cause is emission of livestock. In modern day, there are about 1.4 billion cows plus other big numbers of high appetite cattle on the earth. Much like humans, cattle emit gasses when they eat. Because they have high metabolism and fast digestion, they fart and burp frequently. â€Å"The result is a large amount of methane being introduced into the atmosphere† (Blitz). Methane is one of the gases that contribute to t he greenhouse effect. According to a study from United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), the comparative impact of methane on climate change is over twenty times greater than carbon dioxide. According to a report from Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, in 2011, methane from

Physical Therapy For A Left Total Hip Arthroplasty Surgery

Introduction: Physical therapist working in various clinical setting should be familiar with the patient s medical condition including medications that they are actively taking to ensure that any symptoms associated with the drug are appropriately and safely considered. Here is an example of an acute care patient in the orthopedic ward anticipating for a left total hip arthroplasty surgery. HPI: S.J. is a 67 y/o Caucasian male with a history of left hip pain for two years. He has difficulty walking due to left hip pain and utilizes a cane, can walk five blocks, climbs stairs leading with the right leg. He denies any surgeries on the left lower extremity. He sought physical therapy, but he does not feel that it is improving his pain but does believe it is improving his strength. He is scheduled for a left total hip arthroplasty due to the progression of severe osteoarthritis of the left hip as confirmed by a pelvic x-ray and MRI of the lower extremity without contrast. S.J. has taken various medications that are listed on the current medication section of this note. PMH: Osteoarthritis, hyperlipidemia, hypothyroidism, sciatica and hypertension. CURRENT MEDICATIONS: †¢ Acetaminophen 325 mg tablet PO TID as needed for pain. Max Acetaminophen 4000 mg/day (2000 mg if has liver disease) †¢ Atorvastatin Calcium 40 mg tablet PO QD for cholesterol †¢ Chlorthalidone 25 mg tablet PO QD for blood pressure †¢ Diclofenac Na 75 mg EC tablet PO BID after meals for pain orShow MoreRelatedEssay on Chapter 63 Nursing Management Musculoskeletal Trauma And Or6406 Words   |  26 PagesChapter 63: Nursing Management: Musculoskeletal Trauma and Orthopedic Surgery Test Bank MULTIPLE CHOICE 1. When teaching seniors at a community recreation center, which information will the nurse include about ways to prevent fractures? a. Tack down scatter rugs in the home. b. Most falls happen outside the home. c. Buy shoes that provide good support and are comfortable to wear. d. 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Essay on Use of Animals in Biomedical Research Example For Students

Essay on Use of Animals in Biomedical Research The issue of human morality has always been widely controversial and vitally important; it is our anchor that we use to define the humane yet we cannot agree on its dimensions. Morality seems to be all that separates us from the unfeeling universe, which is filled with morally horific natural laws such as survival of the fittest. Or, at least, such callous impartiality seems unjust to our modern societies. Behind the screens of prosperity and enlightentment we have the luxory of moral scrutiny a luxory that should be fully explored and developed as our only wall against the apparent moral abyss of the rest of the universe. With enough investigation, we will realize that animals must be considered as we decide who deserves rights and what they are. There is a fundamental system for establishing rights in others of recognizable consciousness that is (nearly) universal to human beings. Yet, there is significant evidence of varying interpretations of those fundamentals that give rise to many different morals in different cultures. Some believe, perhaps in a cruelly impartial stance, that morality is merely a set of learned rules that varies between cultures. Babies certainly do (eventually) develop morally kindergarten is as much a time for learning not to take toys from others as the alphabet. Still, this claim should not be taken too far even across huge cultural gaps there are similarities in philosophy and morality. The golden rule shows up in various forms, composed independently by many cultures. It may be safe to assume that simply being a society encourages such togetherness and morality, but as we are social creatures such a concession only furthers the point for animal rights as we are not the only social creatures. In fact, there are many examples of basic social functions in animal groups that remind us of human families: Tamarin mothers in the Amazon Basin rely on aunts and grandmothers to tend the young while the mothers forage for food oms and dads among Brazils titi monkeys take turns minding the kids and bringing home the bacon, just as in any well-adjusted two-income human family n all manner of animals, including bees, elephants, lions, lemurs, bats and birds, creatures with no parental investment in offspring routinely expend enormous amounts of energy caring for their relatives young (Kluger et al). They face the same challenges like poverty and proper upbringing that we face, and work out surprisingly similar solutions (Kluger et al). We must recognize that many creatures have some kind of social structure. The other extreme includes the concept of innate morality: we are born with knowledge of right and wrong. This idea goes completely against the belief in innocent birth and in fact anyone watching the moral development of a child knows that there is a significant amount of simply learning the rules in a childs changing behavior. If morality is learned or even just fine-tuned as we age, then what rights can claim for ourselves or others? To determine the rights we should allocate to various creatures, we often turn to empathy. There are many simple guiding rules based on empathy; the golden rule is heavily cited as a strong foundation upon which to build morality. If we can envision ourselves in anothers situation, we should be able to come to a moral conclusion about the predicament. Our empathy provides a welcome tool for morally scrutinizing situations and provides a strong basis for morality: if we feel bad, the situation is (personally) immoral. Usually this happens when we guess that a being is suffering. Suffering, and in fact the whole range of emotions that we like to claim as a unique part of the human experience, is actually common among animals. Marc Bekoff is a biologist who specialized in animal behavior and while he, like most scientists, admits that animal emotions can be different from the emotions we experience, there certainly is plenty of evidence for their existence: ove makes mothers care for their babies; anger makes individuals fight off enemies; respect helps animals get along when they live in groups (Newman). In the book When Elephants Weep: The Emotional Lives of Animals, authors Jeffrey Moussaieff Masson and Susan McCarthy cite many first hand accounts of examples of animal emotions by the displays and actions that we usually associate with humanity (Perry). Still, some are quick to throw out such crucial evidence. Many claim that we experience emotions while animals merely exhibit them. In this respect, we often hold a kind of emotional double standard: umans experience emotions, while animals display behaviors umans love, animals bond he gap is so wide that animals arent even credited with the ability to experience the most basic emotion: fear (Perry). Essay on The Ethics in Biomedical ResearchRegardless of any attempts to prove or disprove animal morality the former can be difficult considering our own moral diversity we can still include some fundamental acknowledgment of the morality of avoiding their suffering. There is ample evidence of the pain creatures feel, even emotionally for each other as a chimpanzees experience exemplifies: When his mother died, Flint withdrew from other chimps. He hardly ate. He climbed a tree to the nest he and his mother had shared. For a long time he stood there, staring into space. (Newman). Grief is another very humane response that scientists have noticed in animals. The measure of grief should be its intensity rather than its host; just as we try to avoid making each other grieve we should try to avoid making animals grieve. Nevertheless, Carl Cohen makes the excellent point that while animals do count (even if they cannot be given literal rights), every creature has different value and we usually possess the most. Writing in The Case for the Use of Animals in Biomedical Research, Cohen explains that etween species of animate life the morally relevant differences are enormous, and almost universally appreciated. To be morally comprehensive in this respect seems impossible: it is difficult to both believe that the only value of suffering is intensity and that those creatures who are suffering have different values. Perhaps we should modify the formulaic utilitarianism equation to be the sum of the product of each animals value and effect in a given situation. A cat losing a limb is certainly sad, but should not matter as much as a human losing a limb. R.G. Frey even proposes a method for analyzing a creatures worth in All Animals Are Not Equal, stating that Normal (adult) human life is of a much higher quality than animal life, not because of species, but because of richness; the value of a life is a function of its quality. The final problems which even this structured morality cannot explain is the idea of some absolute levels of suffering that other suffering cannot add up to. As an example, it seems that death should outweigh any number of broken limbs. Furthermore, some argue that the creatures inherent value is far more important than the suffering it endures possibly even making the suffering a secondary concern to the creature. This, too, may have validity at least in regard to the first concern: enough broken human limbs may add up to a dead cat, but broken cat limbs should (almost) never add up to a dead human. The rare case would include where there is not as much suffering as most would assume; perhaps, as an example, when a human wishes to die or even the humans will to live or enjoyment in life is less than a cats. Despite our inability to precisely define a universal morality, we have made some fundamental inclusions. We should minimize the suffering to others who must be sentient to experience the suffering. Animals do suffer, and exhibit emotions and display some sociable behavior and morality similar to our own. As globalization slowly streamlines world beliefs, morality will undoubtedly be hammered into ever more precise wording as new laws for animal rights are drafted and passed or rejected. The fundamental truth about morality that we must remember is that animals do count; however, how we count them is still up to us. Works Cited Cohen, Carl. The Case for the Use of Animals in Biomedical Research. The Norton Reader. Ed Linda H. Peterson, John C. Brereton, Joan E. Hartman. 10th ed. NewYork: Norton, 2000. Frey, R.G. All Animals Are Not Equal. Animal Rights: Opposing Viewpoints. Ed Andrew Harnkack. Sand Diegy, 1996. Kluger, Jeffrey; Cray, Dan; Kher, Unmesh. What Mother Nature Teaches Us About Motherhood. Time 155.19 (8 May 2000): 4 pp. Academic Search Elite. EBSCOhost. 3043084. Owens Lib., Maryville, MO. 15 Nov. 2002 Newman, Aline Alexander. Do Animals Have Feelings? National Geographic World .310 (June 2001): 6 pp. Masterfile Elite. EBSCOhost. 4570708. Owens Lib., Maryville, MO. 16 Nov. 2002 Perry., Denise. Touching Look at Animal Feelings. Animals 128.4 (July 1995): 2/3 pp. Masterfile Elite. EBSCOhost. 9507250122. Owens Lib., Maryville, MO. 16 Nov. 2002 Regan, Tom. The Case for Animal Rights. The Norton Reader. Ed Linda H. Peterson, John C. Brereton, Joan E. Hartman. 10th ed. New York: Norton, 2000. Works Consulted Cartmill, Matt. Animal minds, animal dreams. Natural History 107.2 (Mar 98):2541 words. Academic Search Elite. EBSCOhost. 461356. Owens Lib., Maryville, MO. 4 Nov. 2002.

Investigating the current through a wire Essay Example Essay Example

Investigating the current through a wire Essay Example Paper Investigating the current through a wire Essay Introduction I am investigating how the length of a wire affects the current and resistance of a wire. Apparatus: 1. power supply of 2 V 2. Ammeter Investigating the current through a wire Essay Body Paragraphs 3. Voltmeter 4. Circuit Wires 5. Nichrome Wire 6. A meter ruler 7. Sellotape 8. Digital Voltmeter 9. Crocodile Clips Diagram: Detailed Method: I will set up the circuit as shown in the diagram above. Then I will start the experiment by attaching the 100 cm of nichrome wire to the metre ruler carefully, so there are no twists in the wire, which would affect the exactness of my results. Then I will switch on the power supply and make sure that a constant voltage is flowing through the circuit. I will then record the current flowing through the wire from a digital .. using different lengths. I will record the current every 10 cm. From a 100 cm down to a 90cm From 90cm down to 80cm, from 80cm down to 70cm, from 70cm down to 60cm, from 60cm down to 50cm, from 50cm down to 40cm, from 40cm down to 30cm, from 30cm down to 20cm, from 20cm down to 10cm. Since the wire will heat up I will wait a while after each measurement, so my results will not be influenced by the heat of the wire, whish sh ould make the experiment a fair test. I will repeat this experiment 5 times, so I can take the average current for each length. Prediction: I predict that if the length of a wire increases, the resistance will also increase in proportion to the length. The larger the wire, the more atoms present, so it is more likely that electrons will collide with the atoms. Resistance occurs when the electrons traveling along the wire collide with the atoms of the wire. These collisions slow down the flow of electrons causing resistance. Resistance is a measure of how hard it is to move the electrons through the wire. If the length of a wire is doubled, the electrons bump into twice as many atoms, so the resistance will be doubled. In my experiment factors affecting the result will be 1. Temperature : If the wire is heated up the atoms in the wire will start to vibrate because the energy is increased. This causes more collisions between the electrons and the atoms because the atoms are moving int o the path of the electrons. This increase in collisions means that the resistance will increase. 2. Wire length : If the length of the wire is increased then the resistance will also increase because the electrons will have a longer distance to travel and so more collisions will occur. Due to this the length increase should be proportional to the resistance increase. The Ohm’s law Ohm’s Law is a formulation of the relationship of voltage, current, and resistance, expressed as: V = I x R Where: V is the Voltage measured in volts I is the Current measured in amperes R is the resistance measured in Ohms Therefore: Volts = Amps times Resistance Results: I will put my results in a table to show my different measurements. I made the experiment 5 times with each wire. I used a thicker and a thinner nichrome wire to show the difference. I will put my results of each attempt in a table, showing the length, voltage and current. Then I will calculate the resistance using the equ ation R = V / I. Results of the thicker wire Length in cm Voltage in V Current in A Resistance in Ohms 10 2 0.90, 0.98, 0.94, 0.94, 0.94 2.22, 2.04, 2.12, 2.12, 2.12 20 2 0.55, 0.69, 0.60, 0.68, 0.64 3.63, 2.89, 3.33, 2.94, 3.12 30 2 0.4, 0.47, 0.48, 0.48, 0.47 5.00, 4.25, 4.16, 4.16, 4.25 40 2 0.31, 0.39, 0.38, 0.38, 0.35 6.45, 5.12, 5.26, 5.26, 5.71 50 2 0.26, 0.32, 0.31, 0.29, 0.30 7.69, 6.25, 6.45, 6.89, 6.67 60 2 0.24, 0.26, 0.27, 0.26, 0.27 8.33, 7.69, 7.40, 7.69, 7.40 70 2 0.23, 0.22, 0.24, 0.24, 0.23 8.69, 9.09, 8.33, 8.33, 8.69 80 2 0.21, 0.20, 0.21, 0.21, 0.21 9.52, 10.00, 9.52, 9.52, 9.52 90 2 0.19, 0.18, 0.19, 0.18, 0.19 10.52, 11.11, 10.52, 11.11, 10.52 100 2 0.16, 0.16, 0.17, 0.17, 0.16 12.50, 12.50, 1176, 11.76, 12.50 Now I will put the results of the thinner wire in a table Results of the thinner wire Length in cm Voltage in V Current in A Resistance in Ohms 10 1 0.30, 0.30, 0.31, 0.29, 0.31 3.33, 3.33, 3.22, 3.44, 3.22 20 1 0.19, 0.19, 0.20, 0.20, 0.20, 5.26, 5.26, 5.00, 5.00, 5.00 30 1 0.15, 0.14, 0.15, 0.15, 0.15 6.66, 7.14, 6.67, 6.67, 6.67 40 1 0.12, 0.11, 0.12, 0.11, 0.12 8.33, 90.9, 8.33, 9.09, 8.33 50 1 0.10, 0.10, 0.10, 0.10, 0.10 10.00, 10.00, 10.00, 10.00, 10.00 60 1 0.07, 0.09, 0.09, 0.09, 0.08 14.28, 11.11, 11.11, 11.11, 12.50 70 1 0.07, 0.09, 0.07, 0.08, 0.07 14.2811.11, 14.28, 12.50, 14.28 80 1 0.07, 0.07, 0.06, 0.07, 0.07 14.2814.28, 16.67, 14.28, 14.28 90 1 0.06, 0.05, 0.06, 0.06, 0.06 16.67, 20.00, 16.67, 16.67, 16.67 100 1 0.05, 0.05, 0.05, 0.05, 0.05 20.00, 20.00, 20.00, 20.00, 20.00 I will now calculate the average current and resistance for each length and then draw a graph with these results. Average results of the thicker wire: Length in cm Voltage in Volts Current in Amps Resistance in Ohms 10 2 0.94 2.124 20 2 0.632 3.182 30 2 0.46 4.364 40 2 0.362 5.56 50 2 0.296 6.79 60 2 0.26 7.702 70 2 0.232 8.614 80 2 0.208 9.616 90 2 0.186 10.756 100 2 0.164 12.204 Average results of the thinner wire: Length in cm Voltage in Volt s Current in Amps Resistance in Ohms 10 1 0.302 3.296 20 1 0.190 5.104 30 1 0.148 6.762 40 1 0.116 8.634 50 1 0.098 10.00 60 1 0.082 12.022 70 1 0.072 13.29 80 1 0.068 14.758 90 1 0.058 17.336 100 1 0.050 20.00 Analysing As you can see, on the graph â€Å"length against average resistance of the thicker nichrome wire† the length is proportional to the resistance of the thicker nichrome wire. The graph is almost a straight line, which means that the resistance is proportional to the length. I predicted that if the length of a wire increases, the resistance will also increase in proportion to the length. The larger the wire, the more atoms present, so it is more likely that electrons will collide with the atoms. Also if the length of the wire was trebled or quadrupled then the resistance would also treble or quadruple. The graph â€Å"Length against Average resistance of the thinner nichrome wire† is shown. Again, the graph is almost a straight line, which means that the resistance is proportional to the length. This proves again that my prediction was correct. Also if the length of the wire was trebled or quadrupled then the resistance would also treble or quadruple. Evaluation I can see from my graph that my results were quite reliable. All the points, lie almost on a straight line apart from one being very close to that line. The reason for this could have been due to a number of different factors. Firstly the temperature of the wire changed during my experiment, as the wire got hotter, which could have led to slight errors in my result. There also were small twists in the wire, which affected the accuracy of my result as well. However I repeated the experiment 5 times and then calculated the average current through the wire. The crocodile clips could have affected the fairness of the experiment as well. They are a different type of metal from the nichrome wire and may have different properties which means a different resistance. Most errors in my experiment probably occurred while measuring the wire. This is because it was not very easy to hold a piece of wire straight, while holding it next to a ruler and then trying to connect the crocodile clips to the wire. Also I do not think that the crocodile clips were always connected correctly to the wire with a good connection. This also meant that they were easy to move around on the wire changing the length of it It was hard for me to read the Current since it changed between two numbers on the ammeter. It took a long time until I could decide on the final current, which affected the accuracy of my result again, since the wire got hotter. I don’t think that taking any more results could have made them more accurate. I could have improved my results by writing down the change in voltage and see how it affects my results, or taking the measurements every 5 cm. Further experiments I could have done related to the resistance of a wire could be to see whether the material w ould make a difference in the resistance of a wire. I don’t think I could really improve on the way the experiment was done. I also found that the experiment was quite easy to set up, as it was simple and uncomplicated. We will write a custom essay sample on Investigating the current through a wire Essay Example specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Investigating the current through a wire Essay Example specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Investigating the current through a wire Essay Example specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer