Issues and Controversies Journalists Face

Theres never been a more tumultuous time in the news business. Newspapers are drastically downsizing and facing bankruptcy or the prospect of going out of business entirely. Web journalism is on the rise and taking many forms, but there are real questions about whether it can really replace newspapers. Press freedom, meanwhile, continues to be nonexistent or under threat in many countries around the world. There are also ongoing controversies about issues such as journalistic objectivity and fairness. It seems like a tangled mess at times, but there are many factors involved that well examine in detail. Print Journalism in Peril Newspapers are in trouble. Circulation is dropping, ad revenue is shrinking, and the industry has experienced an unprecedented wave of layoffs and cutbacks. So what does the future hold? While some people will argue that newspapers are dead or dying, many traditional outlets are indeed adapting to the new digital world. Most offer all of their content online, either via paid subscriptions or for free. This is also true for TV and radio media outlets. Though it seemed at first as if modern technology would win out over tradition, the tide seems to be finding a balance. For example, local papers are discovering new ways to localize a story to attract readers interested in a smaller piece of the bigger picture. The Rise of Web Journalism With the decline of newspapers, web journalism seems to be the future of the news business. But what exactly do we mean by web journalism? And can it really replace newspapers? In general terms, web journalism includes bloggers, citizen journalists, hyper-local news sites, and even websites for print papers. The internet certainly opened up the world for more people to write whatever they want, but that doesnt mean all of these sources have the same credibility. Bloggers, for instance, tend to focus on a niche topic, as do citizen journalists. Because some of these writers do not have training in or necessarily care about the ethics of journalism, their personal bias can come across in what they write. This is not what we consider journalism per se. Journalists are concerned with the facts,  getting to the heart of the story, and have their own on-the-job lingo. Digging for answers and telling them in objective ways has long been a goal of professional reporters. Indeed, many of these professionals have found an outlet in the online world, which makes it tricky for news consumers. Some bloggers and citizen journalists are unbiased and produce great news reports. Likewise, some professional journalists are not objective and lean one way or another on political and social issues. This burgeoning online outlet has created all types on either side. This is the larger dilemma because it is now up to readers to decide what is credible and what is not. Press Freedoms and Reporters Rights In the United States, the press enjoys a great deal of freedom to report critically and objectively on the important issues of the day. This freedom of the press is granted by the First Amendment to the U.S. Constitution. In much of the world, press freedom is either limited or virtually nonexistent. Reporters are often thrown in jail, beaten, or even killed just for doing their jobs. Even in the U.S. and other free-press countries, journalists face ethical dilemmas about confidential sources, disclosing information, and cooperating with law enforcement. All of these things are of great concern and debate to professional journalism. However, it  is unlikely to be anything that resolves itself in the near future. Bias, Balance, and an Objective Press Is the press objective? Which news outlet is really fair and balanced, and what does that actually mean? How can reporters set aside their biases and really report the truth? These are some of the biggest questions of modern journalism. Newspapers, cable television news, and radio broadcasts have all come under fire for reporting stories with a bias. This is especially true in political reporting, but even some stories that should not be politicized fall victim to it. A perfect example can be found on cable news. You can watch the same story on two networks and get two completely different perspectives. The political divide has indeed swept into journalism — in print, on air, and online. Thankfully, a number of reporters and outlets have kept their bias in check and continue to tell the story in a fair and balanced manner.

Han and Roman Attitudes toward Technology Free Essays

From the around second century B. C. E. We will write a custom essay sample on Han and Roman Attitudes toward Technology or any similar topic only for you Order Now to the third century C. E. the Han and Roman attitudes toward technology were different in how they took pride in some of their inventions with the Han accepting the role of the craftsmen and their technology they created showed in documents 1-4. However, the Romans did not do as much of this and did not care as much about the technology and how it could be utilized. This was shown in documents 5-8. Both Han China and the Romans did show a similarity in how their technology, even though it was viewed differently, helped to develop their Empires. Throughout these eight documents, everyone one of these had male from the upper class writing the document. I think an additional document that could be useful in answering the question of what the Han and Roman attitudes toward technology were would be a person from the lower class. This document would be useful because that the upper class did not show interest about the technology that a commoner might have used such as hand tools and other common working items. The Han utilized their technology more to the fullest and took pride in what they invented. In Document 1 it shows that technology was not just used as a luxury, but was used a necessary way to help prevent disaster. In this case the Han were trying to prevent flood and had walls canals and pools. There were also people assigned to inspect and repair these technologies to help their people by preventing floods. The Han took pride in ability to keep their people safe from floods and other disasters. Document 2 focuses more on how the government monopolized the making of tools and made them more cheaply and with less quality than the actual workers themselves did. Then the government raised prices on iron and some of the poor had to digress to older technology. Two examples of this is iron became too expensive and wooden plows were now being used instead of iron. Another example is that salt was too expensive and they couldn’t afford to season their food. Huan Guan takes pride in the technology and feels that the government is not utilizing it proper and feels that the technology is going to waste. Document 3 shows pride in their invention of the pestle and the mortar and how it helped to create very useful technology where, â€Å"The efficiency was ncreased ten times† then later on, â€Å"Benefit was increased a hundredfold. † Document four commends the technology and its usefulness directly contrasting with Document three’s point of view. A reason this may be is that it is government-sponsored and the government is trying to make itself look good. The Romans, however, were not as interested and shows little regard with how technology can affect them. Document five shows this where Cicero shows no admiration of craftsmen or any of their inventions. He says, â€Å"All craftsmen spend their time in vulgar occupations. Cicero and the upper class don’t really have interest in craftsmen technology. Document seven suggests craftsmen did something that anybody could have done and does not really respect them. He is implying that if the upper class doesn’t need the technology, it isn’t important. Now, Plutarch, on the other hand, was very satisfied with the technology of the roads and how nice they are in document six. He brags of Mile Markers and how this technology can be used by eve rybody. Frontinus was also very proud of the technology in Rome. He specifically boasted of the aqueducts and said that they were better than the pyramids of Egypt. This opinion may be a little bias though, because he is the water commissioner for the city of Rome. Even though the Hans and Romans had different views on the use of technology, both of these empires benefitted greatly from the technology that was invented in this time. Plutarch was very excited about the roads in document six, and he had very good reason to be. The roads were kept in very good condition that allowed them to travel throughout their entire empire. This was useful for delivering food across the empire in time of famine and also helped them to travel easier and quicker in time of battle. The Han’s technology also helped them to grow as an Empire and keep their people safe as shown in document one. They had walls, canals, and workers specifically designated to prevent floods. What is shown in these documents is that the Han and Romans have different values placed on technology, but also shows how they view the craftsmen and the people that may benefit from the technologies. The Han valued their technology more and therefore placed more respect on the people who invented, whereas the Romans didn’t not value the technology or the craftsmen nearly as much. How to cite Han and Roman Attitudes toward Technology, Papers

Comparison Essay The Pieces of Silver The Red Ball Example For Students

Comparison Essay The Pieces of Silver The Red Ball The two stories, The Pieces of Silver and The Red Ball can be compared easily. I think that they can be seen as being alike with a lot of common points between them, though many contraries can be found as well. The general theme of both stories is quite touching, though in diverse ways in each story. They are about two young boys, as the main characters, in a very different environment. The Pieces of Silver is about a black boy called Clement, who lives in a pre-colonized country, where racism still exists. On the other hand, The Red Ball is about a naive boy from the countryside, called Bolan, who tries to adapt to a new environment throughout the story. First of all, the most obvious similarity would be that both Clement and Bolans family suffers from poverty. Not only are they unfortunate, what is more pitiful for the boys is that they are poorer than their surroundings. On a school day, ordinary morning procedures take place. However, as the children are called out to donate money and gifts, Clement has to be one of the many shameful children in the centre of attention, as he cannot even afford threepence. What he gains for the asking of money to his parents is his fathers helpless laughter as a reply. This suggests that the father finds it amusing that the boy is asking for an amount of money that means so much to him; even though it is only threepence. Bolan, in the midst of a clique of boys, gives an indefinite gesture of shrugging as a stall holder tries to sell him some food. Although he has no money, he does not want to show that he is poor in front of the other boys, who are nibbling on the food. Secondly, I think that the two boys lack love from their fathers. Clement is simply ignored as he appears in front of his father and opens his mouth to say something. The father utilised the approach of Clement by opening out an arm with an empty plate, for him to take away, this displays an obvious rejection for Clement. Bolan, also, does not seem to be a significant person in his fathers eyes. His father constantly calls him boy and orders him to do anything he wants him to do. I think that Bolans father treats him more like a servant rather than a son. On the other hand, there are some distinctive contraries between the two stories. As Bolan steals money from his parents, Clement earns his own money for himself and also his friends. Although the two boys are both poor, these prove a very different way of avoiding the embarrassment of being poorer than others. Bolan paid for the food that he and also his friends ate. The word, paid, is very surprising as he had no money the day before; and coincidentally the savings of his parents disappeared. I believe that his taking of the money from his parents was not a crime; but the desperation of wanting the ability to buy something, like his friends. However, Clement earns a little sum of money with the help from his sister. Not only does he use it to avoid him being ashamed, he pays more money on behalf of his friends, who cannot afford to pay for themselves. This shows the generosity of him offering to help even though he is not richer than the others. Another significant similarity would be about who the two boys themselves depend on. Clements parents are ignorant and uninterested in him, but the text shows that there is a close bond between Clement and his older sister. I think that this is because of the mal-treatment of his parents. .u9069931a346374afa17bd77ac1632fa6 , .u9069931a346374afa17bd77ac1632fa6 .postImageUrl , .u9069931a346374afa17bd77ac1632fa6 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u9069931a346374afa17bd77ac1632fa6 , .u9069931a346374afa17bd77ac1632fa6:hover , .u9069931a346374afa17bd77ac1632fa6:visited , .u9069931a346374afa17bd77ac1632fa6:active { border:0!important; } .u9069931a346374afa17bd77ac1632fa6 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u9069931a346374afa17bd77ac1632fa6 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u9069931a346374afa17bd77ac1632fa6:active , .u9069931a346374afa17bd77ac1632fa6:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u9069931a346374afa17bd77ac1632fa6 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u9069931a346374afa17bd77ac1632fa6 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u9069931a346374afa17bd77ac1632fa6 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u9069931a346374afa17bd77ac1632fa6 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u9069931a346374afa17bd77ac1632fa6:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u9069931a346374afa17bd77ac1632fa6 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u9069931a346374afa17bd77ac1632fa6 .u9069931a346374afa17bd77ac1632fa6-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u9069931a346374afa17bd77ac1632fa6:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Antigone EssayThis presumably encouraged Clement to rely on his sister about problems or difficulties. This is evident when he is relieved by the motherly and caring responses she gives him. Nonetheless, Bolan also lacks the attention from his parents; therefore he becomes attracted to some sculptures at someplace where there is some nature to remind him of his original town. Bolan half-expects a reaction when he touches the statues, and he imagines that he is seeing the mermaid smile He feels comforted being with the sculptures as he finds it more pleasant than being alone with no-one to keep his company. I think that this is the most moving part, that a boy tired of loneliness has found it relieving to be with a sculpture, a lifeless and motionless object. Overall, I believe that both of the short stories are very moving, containing emotive vocabulary. I have found that there are many moving events to draw sympathy and pity towards the two main characters. Furthermore, the use of language is very powerful, being the main influence over the audience. To finish, I think I have found it most amazing how the two boys could have so much in common, although they are also very unlike each other.

What Is FTP A Beginners Guide to FTP for WordPress Users

You can perform a lot of tasks within your WordPress dashboard – but you cant do everything. Sometimes, you may need to make a change directly to one of your sites files. This might be to tighten security or add some custom code. A little research will tell you that File Transfer Protocol (FTP) is the way to go, but what is FTP?In short, FTP enables you to connect directly to the files that make up your WordPress site. You can then edit, add, and delete information and code directly, without having to visit your dashboard. The applications of FTP are numerous, and it even simplifies some of your most common tasks.This guide will answer the question: What is FTP? Then, well teach you how to access your WordPress files using the FTP tool FileZilla. Lets get started! There are many reasons you may need to access your site this way. For example, you can use FTP to:Install plugins and themes directly, should you need it.Manually deactivate plugins and themes if you ever get locked out of your WordPress dashboard.Upload media files in bulk, rather than one at a time.Make changes to core WordPress files such as .htaccess, to implement customizations and extra security measures.Diagnose and fix common errors on your site, such as compatibility issues, internal server errors, and so on.Often, when you look for a tutorial on how to do something within WordPress or search for advice on fixing a specific problem, youll be directed to use FTP. So even if you dont have a specific use in mind, learning this now means youll be prepared when you do find yourself facing an FTP-related task.Introducing FileZillaTo actually use FTP, youll need whats known as an FTP client. This is a program that enables you to make a direct connection to the server where your websites files are stored.If youre just getting started, we suggest checking out FileZilla. This is a free, easy-to-use tool thats great for beginners. Its also recommended by WordPress itself, particularly because its open-source. The developers even offer lots of useful documentation to help you get started.How to use FTP to access your WordPress site (in four steps)You now know the answer to the question: What is FTP? Now its time to learn how to access your website. Well be using FileZilla for this tutorial, but the steps will be similar no matter what tool you select.Step 1: Back up your siteBefore you get started, its important to understand the risks inherent in using FTP. Youll be making permanent changes directly to your sites files, which means that if you arent careful you can make irreversible mistakes. Therefore, its crucial to make sure you have a recent backup in place, so you can restore your website if anything goes wrong.Step 2:  Install FileZillaOnce you have a backup of your site, install FileZilla by visiting the website and clicking on the button to download the client:Find and download the correct version for your computer, then run the .exe file to install it. After that , you can simply start up the client – no special configuration is required.Step 3: Connect to your host using FTPWhen you open up FileZilla, you should see a screen similar to this:There should be four empty fields near the top: Host, Username, Password, and Port. The last field will fill itself in automatically. The first three, however, represent your unique FTP credentials:In order to access your site using FTP, youll need your web hosts FTP address, as well as your personal FTP username and password.All this information is available through your hosting provider. How you find it will vary depending on the company. In general, youll need to log into your hosting control panel and find your credentials in your personal account information. Most hosts offer documentation that tells you exactly where to look. If not, your best bet is to contact them directly.Once you have your credentials, simply enter them into FileZilla and click on the Quickconnect button. Give it a few m oments to work. Soon, you should see a message letting you know the connection has been established:Its worth knowing that you dont have to re-enter your credentials every time you want to access your site. Instead, simply navigate to Server Reconnect, and FileZilla will log back into your host. Alternatively, click the drop-down arrow next to the Quickconnect button and select your server from there.Step 4: Manage Your WordPress FilesNow that FileZilla is connected to your web server, you should see files and folders in each of its four main quadrants:The two quadrants on the left display the files on your local computer, while the quadrants on the right show your websites files. To move files between the two locations, all you need to do is drag and drop them.On the right, you should see a folder named after your websites domain (although it could also be called public_html or www) – this is where all your sites data is stored. Opening it will reveal a few more folders:Mos t of the time, what youre looking for will be in the wp-content folder. For example, this folder contains sub-folders for your themes and plugins. This means you can open up your current theme to make changes, delete a theme, or install a new theme by copying and pasting it into your themes folder (or dragging it over from your computers files):You now know how to connect to your site using FTP and locate your websites files. If you spend some time exploring those files now, youll be well prepared whenever youre required to use FTP in the future!ConclusionPart of becoming an experienced WordPress user involves learning how the platform works behind the scenes. Thats where FTP comes in handy, since it enables you to work directly with the files that make up your site. Knowing how to access your site using FTP is a crucial skill for any WordPress site owner to have.In this post, we first answered the question: What is FTP? Then we introduced FileZilla  and showed you how to use it t o access your WordPress sites files. To recap, there are four major steps:Back up your site.Install FileZilla.Connect to your host using FTP.Manage your WordPress files.Do you have any questions about FTP and what you can do with it? Leave us a message in the comments section below! What is #FTP: a beginner's guide for #WordPress users

Poverty Research Proposal

Poverty Research Proposal Introduction For a long time, poverty has been perceived to constitute lack or inadequacy of basic needs, including food, clothing, and shelter. The levels by which different societies achieve these three basic essentials vary, and this explains the differences in poverty levels among different societies. Today, America is described to have the highest level of poverty rate compared to other industrialized countries (Garcia, 2011).Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Poverty: Research Proposal specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More To justify this, the recent and most current statistics from the Census Bureau shows that the level and rate of poverty in USA is increasing, with minority ethnic groups being the most disadvantaged (Dye, 2010). In the past, numerous poverty reduction policies have been formulated and implemented, but their overall impact remains below expectations, as the main beneficiaries are the middle class in expense of the poor (Dye, 2010). Therefore, the situation calls for paradigm shift in policy formulation and implementation. Problem statement In the year 2010, poverty rate in USA stood at 15.1% up from 14.3% recorded in the previous year-2009 (USA Census Bureau, 2011). At the same time, it was noted that poverty rate for the last four years has been increasing at an estimated rate of 2.6%. On overall, in 2010, estimates indicated that about 46.2 million Americans are poor and the rate of poverty increased was observed to affect almost all major ethnic groups in America: Whites, African American, Asians, Hispanic (USA Census Bureau, 2011). Furthermore, the 2010 official statistics indicated the highest rate of poverty the country had experienced and recorded since 1993. Therefore, in order to address this issue of increasing poverty, there is need to conduct an action research that investigates public policy initiatives in USA with regard to poverty, and subsequently propo se the most effective public policy that can be pursued successfully. Significance of the study Poverty remains an issue that ought to be addressed in the American society as a way of achieving the American Dream. Social inclusion goals and objectives postulate that, the well-being of humankind is the essence of stability, peace, and societal development.Advertising Looking for research paper on government? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Therefore, addressing poverty is one way of achieving social inclusion goals. At the same time, there is need for an effective public policy that comprehensively addresses the issues of poverty in the country. Therefore, this study possesses the ability to create a sound body of knowledge that in turn can be used to create an effective public policy framework. Relevant Literature Review Poverty level in USA is increasing at gradual rate, and the overall impact of this to the society is huge (Garcia, 2011). Addressing poverty has assumed and utilized unilateral public policy models that in turn have led to inadequacy in tackling the issue of poverty. For instance, many of the convectional poverty policies address education, employment, social security, health, economic growth, and tax (Anonymous, 2006). This has been done in separatedness and the result has been construction, formulation, and implementation of skewed and weak poverty reduction models. There is need to establish broad-based understanding of poverty and know that it interplays with other factors and elements simultaneously, hence any attempt to address poverty requires addressing the interplay of accompanying factors. According to Corak (2005), in order to fight poverty, social and physical infrastructure and services can be funded and maintained effectively if the target groups are involved in designing, implementing, and monitoring them, as well as in ensuring accountability of the government o fficials responsible for such policies. Methodology Primary and secondary research methods will be utilized, where primary data will be generated through actual field research techniques, while secondary data will be generated from works already done in the field. Furthermore, reliability and validity of information will be enhanced through use of both quantitative and qualitative techniques. This will see the use of questionnaires, field interviews, poverty program surveys, and in-depth discussion. The aim of this will be to ensure that the public policy to be designed captures the aspect and essence of poverty and subsequent reduction strategies in broad perspective.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Poverty: Research Proposal specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Conclusion Poverty remains a social issue that requires clear strategies of addressing it. Efforts in the past have bore fruits, but given recent tren ds of increasing cases of poverty in the society, there is an urgent need to address poverty comprehensively. It is from this fact that it is recommended that addressing poverty in modern America require an action plan originating from an inclusive and integrated social equity policy strategy. References Anonymous. (2006). How can we solve the problem of poverty. Web. Corak, M (2005). Equality of Opportunity and Inequality across the Generations: Challenges Ahead. Policy Options, 26(3), 78–83. Dye, T.R. (2010). Understanding public policy (13th ed.). Longman: Pearson Prentice Hall. Garcia, G. (2011). Mexican American and Immigrant Poverty in the United States. NY: Springer. USA Census Bureau. (2011). ‘Poverty Highlights. USA Federal Press. Web.

Risk management Literature review Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 6500 words

Risk management - Literature review Example A probabilistic incident like oil spill event or oil spill contact to an environmentally responsive area cannot be forecasted; only an approximation of its likelihood can be quantified (Scarlett, Linkov and Kousky, 2011, p.20). Before applying the risk management practices; risk assessment should be done in order to know that what can go wrong at a definite time period and what the outcome will be if it does. Therefore, it is necessary to find out the probable occurrences that could lead to an oil spill, together with the feasible resulting impacts. (Imo, 2010, p.3). This paper will focus on the methodology and structure, purposes of risk management, application of risk management in oil exploration programs, identification of spillage risks, risk assessment of oil spillage risks, risk response planning for oil spillage risks and risk monitoring and control for oil spillage risks. 1.1. Aims and Objectives Aims: The aim of this paper is to develop a framework that will help the compan ies in order to control their oil spillage risks in oil exploration programs. Objectives: The objectives will be to investigate the nature of oil spillage risks; identify and summarize the existing understanding about oil spillage risk management; discover good practices in managing oil spillage risks and to provide a new framework that summarizes the findings and can be used further for managing oil spillage risks. Besides this, the paper has also focused on different methods used to manage the risk of oil spillage. 1.2. Background 1.2.1. The nature of oil spillage risk in oil exploration program The oil industry is concerned with a long history of spills on the North Slope and the probability of future spills is high. Indeed, there has been an oil spillage once a day, on... From this research it is clear that the oil industry is concerned with a long history of spills on the North Slope and the probability of future spills is high. Indeed, there has been an oil spillage once a day, on average, from the time when gas and oil development began on the North Slope. In order to make the subject worse, ocean currents move the chemicals and oil hundreds of miles. Further, in the Arctic Ocean, cleaning up oil spills would lead to enormous challenges. Suppression and recovery at sea hardly ever leads to the removal of more than a comparatively small fraction of a large oil spill, i.e. only 10-15% and often significantly less. Till date, no technology subsists in order to clean up oil in the sea ice circumstances and late-season spills would stay behind until the following year. Furthermore, cold water splits down oil much more slowly than the warm water. Climate change has considerably weakened the basis on which Arctic ecosystems function. Species mainly at ris k include polar bear, walruses, ringed seals, beluga and bowhead whales and coastal birds. So, it is found that the environmental risk is associated with the oil exploration programs. Oil spillage refers to an unintentional release of oil in a water body due to human activity and is regarded as form of pollution. Oil spillage occurs due to release of crude oil from underwater wells and pipeline, or offshore drilling rig, or a tanker, frequently presenting a danger to marine life and environment.

Topic in Cultural Studies Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Topic in Cultural Studies - Assignment Example Greek philosophy had many school of thoughts, which were advanced by philosophers such as Socrates and Plato. Greek philosophy was influenced by old literature and myths (Hanson-Harding, 2000). The roman government was made up of three branches, the senate, the consul, and the assembly. It was characterized by monarchy, democracy and aristocracy. Greece had a parliamentary republic headed by a president and a prime minister. It was dominated by socialists and conservatives. Greece was mountainous and a number of islands. Rome was established on a flat plains made up of fertile soils. On the other hand, Romans were farmers. According to Hanson-Harding (2000), the Greeks were mainly sailors. The Greeks mainly imported goods due to poor soils. They used retail markets to sell their own wares. The Greeks had merchants organized in groups called the guilds. They practiced pottery and metalworking. Romans cultivated grapes and olive trees. Rome was endowed with natural and human resources. They imported grains and exported olive oil and grapes (Thomas,